A Cross-Domain Blockchain Application Dataset: Architectures, Consensus Mechanisms, Storage Models, and Implementation Maturity
Main article
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of blockchain technology across diverse application domains has produced a fragmented body of empirical literature in which individual studies report isolated technical parameters without enabling direct cross-domain comparison. This article presents a structured cross-domain dataset of blockchain applications compiled from a systematic analysis of 303 peer-reviewed studies spanning seven major domains: finance, governance, Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, supply chain management (SCM), record keeping, and digital identity. For each study, the dataset records the blockchain architecture type (public, private, consortium, or hybrid), consensus mechanism, storage model (on-chain, off-chain, or hybrid), transaction design, implementation status, programming tools, and reported limitations. Using this dataset, we perform a quantitative and comparative analysis to identify dominant design patterns, measure implementation maturity across domains, and expose structural gaps that remain underexplored. The analysis reveals that Ethereum-based permissioned and public architectures dominate across five of seven domains; that Proof-of-Work (PoW) remains disproportionately prevalent despite well-documented energy and throughput constraints; and that off-chain storage strategies are systematically underutilised in record-keeping and digital identity applications. A maturity scoring framework applied to the dataset highlights that healthcare and supply chain management lead in prototype deployment density, while governance and digital identity sectors lag in real-world validation. The dataset and analytical framework contribute a reusable methodological infrastructure for researchers who seek to select or evaluate blockchain architectures based on domain-specific technical requirements, enabling database-aware research design in distributed systems.
